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## Lemma

Functional Analysis
Papapetros Vaggelis
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### Lemma

Let $\displaystyle{\left(H,\langle{,\rangle}\right)}$ be a Hilbert space. If $\displaystyle{U:H\to H}$

is a $\displaystyle{\mathbb{C}}$ - linear and bounded operator such that $\displaystyle{||U||\leq 1}$, then prove that

$\displaystyle{\left(\forall\,h\in H\right)\,\,\left(U(h)=h\iff U^{\star}(h)=h\right)}$.
r9m
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### Re: Lemma

Since, $U : H \to H$ satisfies $\lVert U \rVert \le 1$, then $$\left<(I-U)h,h\right> = \lVert h \rVert^2 - \left< Uh,h \right> \ge \lVert h \rVert^2 (1 - \lVert U \rVert) \ge 0 \text{ for all } h \in H$$
We claim that, $N(I-U) = R(I-U)^{\perp}$

If, $h \in N(I-U)$ then, $\left<(I-U)(h - th'), h - th'\right> \ge 0 \implies t^2\left<(I-U)h' , h'\right> - t\left<(I-U)h' , h\right> \ge 0$ for all $h' \in H$ and $t \in \mathbb{R}$.

It follows that $\left<(I-U)h', h\right> = 0$ for all $h' \in H$, i.e., $N(I-U) \subseteq R(I-U)^{\perp}$.

To see the other way inclusion, similarly if $h \in R(I-U)^{\perp}$, then $\left<(I-U)(th' - h),th' - h\right> \ge 0$ for all $h' \in H$ and $t \in \mathbb{R}$,

Implies $t^2\left<(I-U)h' ,h'\right> - t\left<(I-U) h,h'\right> \ge 0$ for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$.

Hence, $\left<(I-U) h,h'\right> = 0$ for all $h' \in H$. That is $h \in N(I-U)$.

Now, since $N((I-U)^{*}) = R(I-U)^{\perp}$ (this is standard result for adjoint of an operator between Banach spaces), it follows $N(I-U) = N(I - U^{*})$, i.e., $U(h) = h \iff U^{*}(h) = h$.
Papapetros Vaggelis
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### Re: Lemma

Hi r9m.

Here is another solution.

Since $\displaystyle{||U||\leq 1}$, we get $\displaystyle{||U(x)||\leq ||x||\,,\forall\,x\in H}$.

Let $\displaystyle{h\in H}$. Suppose that $\displaystyle{U(h)=h}$. Then,

\displaystyle{\begin{aligned}||U^{\star}(h)-h||^2&=\langle{U^{\star}(h)-h,U^{\star}(h)-h\rangle}\\&=||U^{\star}(h)||^2-\langle{U^{\star}(h),h\rangle}-\langle{h,U^{\star}(h)\rangle}+||h||^2\\&\leq ||U(h)||^2+||h||^2-\langle{h,U(h)\rangle}-\langle{h,U(h)\rangle}\\&=2\,||h||^2-2\,||h||^2\\&=0 \end{aligned}}

so, $\displaystyle{U^{\star}(h)=h}$.

Now, suppose that $\displaystyle{U^{\star}(h)=h}$. Then,

$\displaystyle{||U(h)-h||^2=...=0\implies U(h)=h}$.